SOCIETY is a group of
people who have had the order of life, norms, customs equally adhered to in its
environment. The life and the norms that they have that is the basis of
social life in their environment, so as to form a group of people who possess a
typical life.
A group of people can form a clan, it could be from different ethnic
backgrounds.In the growth and development of a society can be classified into
the simple and advanced society (modern society).
1. Simple Society
The characteristics of
the simple ( primitive ), namely: the pattern of
division of labor tend to be differentiated by gender, the decline stemmed from
a background of weakness and physical abilities between a woman and a man in
the face of the challenges of the wild nature at the time. Example:
hunting and fishing in the ocean is a tough job that requires courage, skill
and physical endurance ability is strong.Therefore, the second line of work is
a monopoly of the work of men. Other examples of cutting down trees,
clearing land for agriculture and cattle raising large fields.While the
household, breastfeeding and caring for children, knitting, weaving, making
clothes is the work of a woman. Another example of women's work is to make
goods such as woven baskets and collecting wild vegetables, fruits and animals
mussels (M. Amin Sutaarga, 1960:41-42).
If at the time of
processing of agricultural land (farm / garden) worked together, the heavy work
such as clearing land, removing fallen trees done by men. Women working on
a light-light, for example, spread seeds, grass menyiangio (Raymond Firth,
1961:120).
With such a
background, it is clear that between husband and wife and the wife of fellow
division of labor occurs with an acceptable agreement with each other.
2. Advanced society
The characteristics of
the advanced societies ie: has a variety of social groups / organizations,
which grow and evolve based on the needs and specific objectives to be
achieved. Community organizations can grow and develop to the coverage of
national, regional or international.
In advanced societies
can be divided into non-industrial society and industrial society.
a. Non-industrial societies
Non-industrial social
organization can be classified into two groups of primary and secondary groups.
1). Primary Group
The characteristics of
the interaction between the primary group members more intensely intertwined,
tighter, more intimate. Group members often engage in dialogue, face to
face. Attitude patterned interaction in primary groups based on kinship
and more sympathy. Division of labor / division of labor bestowed on the
group accepted voluntarily, not forced, and with awareness, responsibility. Examples
of primary groups: families, RT, study groups, religious groups.
2). Secondary group
The characteristics of
the secondary group that is among secondary group members adrift interconnected
indirect, formal, less family-oriented. The division of labor, the nature
of the interaction between group members is governed by rational
considerations, objective. The members accepted the division of labor /
tasks based on skills, expertise and dedication. Because it is necessary
to achieve the targets and objectives that have been in flot in programs that
both have agreed. Examples of secondary groups: political parties, trade
unions associations (unions), professional organizations.
Within this group are
known the official and unofficial groups. The core difference it is: an
unofficial group did not enjoy official status and are not supported by the
Constitution and Bylaws. While the official group instead of an unofficial
group.
However, the group
also has an unofficial division of labor, roles, and certain hierarchy, certain
norms to guide the behavior of their members and the conventions, but it is not
formulated explicitly and in writing as the official group (WA Gerungan , 1980:91). Example:
all social groups, associations / organizations. Civil society
organizations that have a Constitution and Bylaws is the official group. If
instead, the group unofficially called.
b. Industrial society
If the division of labor gets more complex
then that's a sign that the higher the capacity of the community. Solidarity
is based on the symbiotic relationship between community groups who have known
specialization. Kind of autonomy is characteristic of parts / industrial
communities. Autonomy can be defined by the type of skill / expertise
independently owned one, to a certain extent. Examples of bakers,
cobblers, turner, welder, engineers, electricians and expert dynamo. They
can work independently. With the emergence of functional specialization,
the less well the collective ideas to be expressed and worked together.