MATERIALS BASIC SOCIAL SCIENCE: SOCIAL AND EQUITABLE DEGREES COATING


A.     COATING OF SOCIAL

1.      Understanding Social Coating

Stratification Stratification or term derived from the word " Strata or Stratum "meaning layer. Because it is often translated as Social Stratification society coating. A number of individuals who have standing (status) of the same according to the size of the community is said to be in a layer or stratum.
According to Pitirim A. Sorokin, the coating is a difference in the community or society into classes arranged in a stratified ( hierarchis ).
According Theodorson et al., In the Dictionary Of Sociology coating the mean levels status and relatively permanent role contained in the social system (from small groups to communities) in terms of the difference the right influence and power.
Berintrafikasi society is often portrayed as a cone or pyramid, where the bottom layer is the most wide and it narrows to the top layer. [1]

2.      Coating the Social

The process of society can occur by itself or deliberately intended to pursue a common goal. Coating system that occurs by itself is run in accordance with the growth of the community itself. In this coating one's position on a strata is to happen automatically such as old age, due to land ownership, intellectual ownership over land or relatives opener.
While the coating is purposely organized society usually refers to the distribution of power and official authority in formal organizations. This system can be seen in government organizations, party organizations and associations other official. [2]

3.      Coating System According to Its Differences

a.      Coating system is a closed society

In this system does not allow the transfer of a person from one layer to another layer. In this system the only way to become a member of a layer in society is because of the birth. This system can be found in the people of India who knew the caste system. Starting from caste Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya and Sudra Paria. Coating system is also closed we can find in the feudal society or community-based realism.

b.     Coating system is an open society

In this system the people are given the chance to fall to the layer below it, up to the layers above it. This system can be found in Indonesian society today. Each person is given the opportunity to occupy any position if he is able. And if he is not able to maintain it then he would step down.Position obtained by their own business called " Arclevea Status ".

c.      Mixed system of social stratification

Social stratification limits the possibility of the transfer layer on a particular field, but let the layers to make the shift to other fields. [3]

4.      Basic Walks of Life

Size or the criteria used to classify people into a layer are as follows:

a.   Dimensions wealth. Whoever has the most wealth, he includes the top layer.For example, seen from the house.
b. Dimensions of power. Whoever has the most power or has the authority, he will occupy the top layer.
c.   Dimensions honor. Dimensions honor is not possible regardless of wealth and power. The people of the most respected and revered got the top spot.This size is usually found in traditional societies, the elderly or those groups who contributed.
d.   Dimensions of science. sized science made ​​by people who appreciate science. [4]

5.      Elements of Walks of Life

The things that embody elements of the coating system is:

a.      Position ( status )

Position is the position of a person in a social group. The people generally develop three kinds of positions, namely:

1). Ascribed status is a person's position in society without showing rokhaniah differences and abilities. This position can be acquired by birth. For example, the position of the son of a nobleman is aristocratic.
2).  Archieved Status is the position reached by someone with a deliberate effort. This position was not obtained on the basis of birth, but it is open for anyone who depends on the ability of each to achieve its objectives.For example, anyone can be a judge as long as it meets certain requirements.

3).     Assigned status means the status accorded a group or provide a higher position for someone who has contributed to meeting the needs and interests of the community. However, sometimes the position is given to a person who has long occupied a certain rank.

b.     Role ( role )

The role is a dynamic aspect of the position. If someone runs the rights and obligations in accordance with his position, he runs a role. Between the position and role can not be separated, because one depends on the other.Vice versa, the social position more points to the position, while the more social role refers to the tasks that must be executed by the holder of social standing. [5]


6.      Some Social Theory Coating

Form coating kongrit society there are several kinds. While there are scholars who reviewed the form of coatings based on just one aspect. For example, the economic / political aspect only. But there are also people who share coating as follows:
a.      Society consists of the upper class ( upper class ) and lower class ( lower class ).
b.    Society is composed of three classes of upper class ( upper class ), middle class ( middle class ), and the lower class ( lower class ).
c.   Whilst we often hear is top class ( upper class ), middle class ( middle class ), and the lower class ( lower class ).

B.    EQUITABLE DEGREES AND MASS ELITE

1.      Similarity Degrees

Astria explained that the degree of social is the result of social status and the result of his position. Being one notch consequence obligation to act. Due to its position which is offset by the role carried out, then the person has and is entitled to occupy a certain degree. [6]
            The nature of the relationship between humans and the environment reciprocal, meaning that the person has the right and obligation to society and government and the states. Rights and obligations are guaranteed by the Constitution and applies to everyone without exception in the sense that every person has the same degree. This equality will be realized in the assurance of the rights granted in various sectors of life.The right is a lot known as Human Rights.

2.      Elite and Mass

a.      Elite

Elite in a general sense is a group of people occupying high positions in society. Meanwhile, in a special sense is the elite group of leading people in certain areas and in particular minorities who hold power.
Elite is a minority of individuals who are appointed to serve a collectivity u in a socially valuable.
Various elite holders outline strategies as follows:
1).      Political Elite (the ruling elite in achieving the goal). The most powerful is usually called elite of all elites.
2).   Elite economic, military, diplomatic and scholars (those in power or have influence in that field).
3).   Elite religion, philosophy, educators and community leaders.
4).  Elite can provide psychological needs such as artists, writers, movie characters, athletes and entertainment figures, and so on. [7]

b.     Mass

Mass term is used to denote a collective grouping of other elementary and spontaneous, which in some ways resembles the crowd . But the fundamentally different from him in other things. Mass is represented by those who participated in the mass behavior as they are terbangkit interest by several national events. They are spread out in different places. They are interested in an event as provided in the press or those who participate in a migration in a broader sense. [8]


  
REFERENCES

Ahmadi, Abu. Basic Social Sciences . Jakarta: PT Rineka Copyright, 1991.
Noor, Arifin . Basic Social Sciences . Bandung: CV. Faithful Reader, 1997.
Rohman, Arif . Sociology III SMA . Klaten: PT Intan Pariwara, 2003.
Soelarman, Jojo . Basic Social Sciences . Bandung: PT Eresco, 1993.
Soekamto, Soerjono . An Introduction to Sociology . Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1996.




[1] Abu Ahmadi, Elementary Social Studies (Jakarta: PT Rineka Copyright, 1991), 196.
[2] Munandar Soelarman, Basic Social Sciences (New York: PT Eresco, 1993), 90.
[3] Arif Rohman, Sociology III SMA (Klaten: PT Intan Pariwara, 2003), 121.
[4] Soerjono Soekamto, An Introduction to Sociology (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 1996), 262.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Arifin Noor, Basic Social Sciences (New York: CV. Loyal Reader, 1997), 169.
[7] Ibid ., 209.
[8] Ibid ., 213.